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    A Review of Modelling of the FCC Unit. Part I: The Riser

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    Publication date
    2022-01
    Author
    Selalame, Thabang W.
    Patel, Rajnikant
    Mujtaba, Iqbal M.
    John, Yakubu M.
    Keyword
    Fluid catalytic cracking
    Riser
    Complex mixtures
    Hydrodynamics
    Modelling
    Rights
    © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
    Peer-Reviewed
    yes
    Open Access status
    openAccess
    
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    Abstract
    Heavy petroleum industries, including the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit, are useful for producing fuels but they are among some of the biggest contributors to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The recent global push for mitigation efforts against climate change has resulted in increased legislation that affects the operations and future of these industries. In terms of the FCC unit, on the riser side, more legislation is pushing towards them switching from petroleum-driven energy sources to more renewable sources such as solar and wind, which threatens the profitability of the unit. On the regenerator side, there is more legislation aimed at reducing emissions of GHGs from such units. As a result, it is more important than ever to develop models that are accurate and reliable, that will help optimise the unit for maximisation of profits under new regulations and changing trends, and that predict emissions of various GHGs to keep up with new reporting guide-lines. This article, split over two parts, reviews traditional modelling methodologies used in modelling and simulation of the FCC unit. In Part I, hydrodynamics and kinetics of the riser are dis-cussed in terms of experimental data and modelling approaches. A brief review of the FCC feed is undertaken in terms of characterisations and cracking reaction chemistry, and how these factors have affected modelling approaches. A brief overview of how vaporisation and catalyst deactiva-tion are addressed in the FCC modelling literature is also undertaken. Modelling of constitutive parts that are important to the FCC riser unit such as gas-solid cyclones, disengaging and stripping vessels, is also considered. This review then identifies areas where current models for the riser can be improved for the future. In Part II, a similar review is presented for the FCC regenerator system.
    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/10454/18797
    Version
    Published version
    Citation
    Selalame TW, Patel R, Mujtaba IM, John YM (2022) A Review of Modelling of the FCC Unit–Part I: The Riser. Energies. 15(1): 308
    Link to publisher’s version
    https://doi.org/10.3390/en15010308
    Type
    Article
    Collections
    Engineering and Informatics Publications

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