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    Neuroendocrinology and neurobiology of sebaceous glands

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    Publication date
    2020-06
    Author
    Clayton, R.W.
    Langan, E.A.
    Ansell, David M.
    de Vos, I.J.H.M.
    Göbel, K.
    Schneider, M.R.
    Picardo, M.
    Lim, X.
    van Steensel, M.A.M.
    Paus, R.
    Keyword
    Acne vulgaris
    Androgens
    Hormones
    Nervous system
    Neuroendocrinology
    Neurons
    Neuropeptides
    Sebaceous gland
    Sebum
    Skin
    Peer-Reviewed
    Yes
    Open Access status
    Not Open Access
    
    Metadata
    Show full item record
    Abstract
    The nervous system communicates with peripheral tissues through nerve fibres and the systemic release of hypothalamic and pituitary neurohormones. Communication between the nervous system and the largest human organ, skin, has traditionally received little attention. In particular, the neuro-regulation of sebaceous glands (SGs), a major skin appendage, is rarely considered. Yet, it is clear that the SG is under stringent pituitary control, and forms a fascinating, clinically relevant peripheral target organ in which to study the neuroendocrine and neural regulation of epithelia. Sebum, the major secretory product of the SG, is composed of a complex mixture of lipids resulting from the holocrine secretion of specialised epithelial cells (sebocytes). It is indicative of a role of the neuroendocrine system in SG function that excess circulating levels of growth hormone, thyroxine or prolactin result in increased sebum production (seborrhoea). Conversely, growth hormone deficiency, hypothyroidism, and adrenal insufficiency result in reduced sebum production and dry skin. Furthermore, the androgen sensitivity of SGs appears to be under neuroendocrine control, as hypophysectomy (removal of the pituitary) renders SGs largely insensitive to stimulation by testosterone, which is crucial for maintaining SG homeostasis. However, several neurohormones, such as adrenocorticotropic hormone and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, can stimulate sebum production independently of either the testes or the adrenal glands, further underscoring the importance of neuroendocrine control in SG biology. Moreover, sebocytes synthesise several neurohormones and express their receptors, suggestive of the presence of neuro-autocrine mechanisms of sebocyte modulation. Aside from the neuroendocrine system, it is conceivable that secretion of neuropeptides and neurotransmitters from cutaneous nerve endings may also act on sebocytes or their progenitors, given that the skin is richly innervated. However, to date, the neural controls of SG development and function remain poorly investigated and incompletely understood. Botulinum toxin-mediated or facial paresis-associated reduction of human sebum secretion suggests that cutaneous nerve-derived substances modulate lipid and inflammatory cytokine synthesis by sebocytes, possibly implicating the nervous system in acne pathogenesis. Additionally, evidence suggests that cutaneous denervation in mice alters the expression of key regulators of SG homeostasis. In this review, we examine the current evidence regarding neuroendocrine and neurobiological regulation of human SG function in physiology and pathology. We further call attention to this line of research as an instructive model for probing and therapeutically manipulating the mechanistic links between the nervous system and mammalian skin.
    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/10454/18341
    Version
    No full-text in the repository
    Citation
    Clayton RW, Langan EA, Ansell DM et al (2020) Neuroendocrinology and neurobiology of sebaceous glands. Biological Reviews. 95(3): 592-624.
    Link to publisher’s version
    https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12579
    Type
    Article
    Collections
    Life Sciences Publications

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