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    Organic synthesis by Twin Screw Extrusion (TSE): Continuous, scalable and solvent-free

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    Publication date
    2017-01
    Author
    Crawford, Deborah E.
    Miskimmin, C.K.G.
    Albadarin, A.B.
    Walker, G.
    James, S.L.
    Keyword
    Organic synthesis
    Twin Screw Extrusion
    TSE
    Mechanochemistry
    Solvents
    Peer-Reviewed
    Yes
    
    Metadata
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    Abstract
    Mechanochemistry provides a method to reduce or eliminate the use of solvents by carrying out reactions through the grinding of neat reagents. Until recently a significant drawback of this form of synthesis has been the limited ability to scale up. However, it has been shown that twin screw extrusion (TSE) may overcome this problem as demonstrated in the continuous synthesis of co-crystals, Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES), in multi kg h−1 quantities. TSE has provided a means to carry out mechanochemical synthesis in a continuous, large scale and efficient fashion, which is adaptable to a manufacturing process. Herein, we highlight the potential of this technique for organic synthesis by reporting four condensation reactions, the Knoevenagel condensation, imine formation, aldol reaction and the Michael addition, to produce analytically pure products, most of which did not require any post synthetic purification or isolation. Each reaction was carried out in the absence of solvents and the water byproduct was conveniently removed as water vapour during the extrusion process due to the elevated temperatures used. Furthermore, the Knoevenagel condensation has been studied in detail to gain insight into the mechanism by which these mechanochemical reactions proceed. The results point to effective wetting of one reactant by another as being critical for these reactions to occur under these reaction conditions.
    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/10454/17636
    Version
    No full-text in the repository
    Citation
    Crawford DE, Miskimmin CKG, Albadarin AB et al (2017) Organic synthesis by Twin Screw Extrusion (TSE): Continuous, scalable and solvent-free. Green Chemistry. 19(6): 1507-1518.
    Link to publisher’s version
    https://doi.org/10.1039/C6GC03413F
    Type
    Article
    Collections
    Engineering and Informatics Publications

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