Bradford Scholars
Bradford Scholars is the University of Bradford online research archive. Access is free to anyone interested in research being conducted at Bradford. In the repository you will find a range of materials from journal articles and conference papers to research reports and theses.
Contact the repository team via openaccess@bradford.ac.uk with any queries about Open Access or how to deposit your research papers.
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Publication Evaluation of the Interaction Between Flow Turbulence and Corrosive Material Transport Around Bridge PiersThis study investigates the influence of corrosion on turbulent flow around bridge piers and its implications for structural integrity and environmental safety. By examining the interaction between flow turbulence and corrosion-induced particles, the research highlights their effects on vortex formation, sediment transport, and long-term structural performance. A three-phase experimental approach was adopted: (1) Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) measurements quantified average velocities and turbulence parameters around three-square piers, revealing accelerated flow and reduced turbulent structures near critical regions. Numerical simulations using the Volume of Fluid (VOF) model and the k-ɛ turbulence method in Ansys Fluent validated these findings and further explored flow velocities and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE); (2) electrochemical analyses quantified solution resistance and the diffusion of corrosion by-products around uncoated metallic piers; and (3) a novel dynamic experiment integrated the hydrodynamic and electrochemical analyses to evaluate the combined effects of corrosion-induced particles and turbulent flow. Key findings demonstrate that uncoated piers significantly disrupt flow dynamics, with increased streamwise 𝑢𝑎𝑣𝑒 and vertical velocities 𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑒 intensifying turbulence near the bed and downstream regions. Surface roughness due to corrosion amplified drag, delayed wake recovery, and disrupted boundary layers, resulting in steeper velocity gradients and chaotic flow conditions. Also, Reynolds shear stress increased significantly near uncoated piers, increasing turbulence and flow disturbances. This study provides a new perspective on the interaction between corrosion and turbulent flow behaviour, establishing a critical link between surface conditions, turbulence intensification, and structural durability. These findings inform predictive models and strategies to mitigate corrosion effects in hydraulic infrastructure.Publication Analytical modelling and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to evaluate influence of corrosion product on solution resistance(Elsevier, 2024-01)Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a technique used to evaluate the electrochemical behavior of metallic materials in different environments. In this study, a mathematical model has been developed to analyse the relationship between solution resistance and concentration conductive-corrosion products (Fe2O3) of metallic corroded materials. This model has been designed as a part of an experimental series to use EIS as a tool for mapping the spatial distribution of corrosion by-product from bridge, in order to evaluate the impact of conductive-corrosion on the properties of the solution. The influence of Fe2O3 on the solution resistance at varying concentrations, has been modelled. Repetitive electrochemical tests were conducted to investigate the relationship between the impedance and concentration in three different concentrations of corrosion by-product. Nyquist and Bode's graphs have been used to quantitatively analyse the EIS data. The implementation of the proposed mathematical model can quantify the solution resistace based on the mass of presented particles, and provide significant efficiency and methodological advancement over EIS technique. The experimental outcomes show a clear link between solution resistance and iron oxide concentration within the solution which is consistent with the model's finding.Publication Detailed turbulent structures investigation around piers group induced flow(Elsevier, 2024-03)This paper aims to investigate the mean velocities and turbulence characteristics, which include Reynolds shear stresses (RSS) and turbulent intensities, in order to study temporal and spatial flow patterns around a complex three square-piers group. Measurements have been performed by acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) to identify turbulence flow structures alteration and vortices formation in longitudinal, transverse, and vertical directions. In total, 164 locations around the bridge piers have been measured, while each location consists of no lesser than 15 vertical depth ADV data point measurements. To investigate the flow turbulence, critical locations have been observed from high vortex-influenced regions. The impacted mean velocity profiles have been compared to that at the unaffected region to study the flow alteration caused by piers group. The result reveals that the log-law layer near wall has been enhanced by the installation of pier. Furthermore, as identified from the most critical locations of turbulent structures across different measurement rows, the accelerated flow will result in lower observed turbulent structures. Although flow after each pier has been influenced by strong reversal velocities, vortices have managed to form at near wake. Analysis has been divided into inner and outer flow regions (IFR and OFR) based on flow depth to enhance the understanding of how bridge piers contribute to the development of flow turbulence.Publication Bursting phenomenon created by bridge piers group in open channel flow(2023-01)Bridge pier is a common feature in hydraulic structure. Its impact to the river usually occurs in group form rather than single pier, so this challenging piers-group influence towards river hydraulics and turbulence needs to be explored. In this paper, the measurements were conducted using an Acoustic doppler velocimeter (ADV) to study velocities in three dimensions (longitudinal, transversal, and vertical). Based on the experimental data, we have observed reversed depth-averaged velocity vector after each pier in the group of three-pier. The analysis has been conducted on the contribution of each bursting event to Reynolds shear stress (RSS) generation, in order to identify the critical events and turbulence structures around the piers. In the upstream near-wake flow in the bed-wall layer, strong sweep and ejection events have been observed; while at downstream, sweeps were more dominant. The pattern of burst changed in the outer layer of flow, where ejections were more dominant. Furthermore, the contribution fractional ratio to RSS variation at hole size H = 0 indicates that sweeps and ejections were significantly generated at the near wake-flow in upstream.Publication Spatial distribution of corrosion products from a bridge pier(2025-01)This paper studies the spatial distribution of corrosion by-products by a bridge pier within a conductive medium. An electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique was used to investigate an uncoated metallic bridge pier submerged in static distilled water. An equivalent circuit model, derived from EIS results, served as the foundation for the study. Further, the role of diffusion was analysed, considering its significance in characterising the transfer of particles from the pier into the surrounding water. This exploration revealed the complex interaction between the diffusion processes of various corrosion by-products as a function of distance. In addition, by evaluating the spatial distribution of iron (II) corrosion by-products and modelling nanoparticle diffusion, the research examined the impact of diffusion and concentration on corrosion particle transmission. The findings, analysed via Nyquist and Bode plots, demonstrate significant differences between theoretical and empirical diffusion coefficients. Results indicated that under natural corrosion conditions, the primary product of the corrosion reaction, iron (II), disperses into the medium when oxidation occurs. The elevated resistivity due to the presence of iron (II) underscores the diffusion effect, leading to corrosion product precipitation and reaching saturation level. Additionally, the results demonstrated ideal values for the diffusion coefficient, which are crucial for advanced corrosion modelling. The results emphasised the need for empirical data to improve corrosion prediction models and informed maintenance strategies for submerged structures.